Lampshades

The bottom diameter of the shade should be roughly twice the width of the lamp base, and its height about two-thirds the height of the base. The lower edge should hide the bulb holder when you look at the lamp from a seated position. Taking these three measurements before shopping saves returns.

Table lamps usually take a shade that sits on the bulb holder, with a reducer ring for E27 or B22 fittings. Ceiling pendants use a shade with a pendant ring. Duplex fittings work on both lamps and ceilings. Check whether your lamp has a harp, a metal frame above the bulb, as some shades need one.

White and natural linen shades give the most light and the most even glow. Coloured shades tint the light, with warm tones flattering skin and rooms, while cool tones can feel flat. Opaque or lined shades send light up and down only, creating a more dramatic effect. Gold-lined shades cast a warm glow.

Drum shades have straight sides and suit modern lamps and most bases. Empire shades taper towards the top and suit traditional and candlestick bases. Coolie shades flare widely at the bottom, spreading more light downwards, which suits reading. Match the shade's shape to the base's silhouette. Square shades suit square bases.